Political science notes class 11 & 12, Beauty & Wellness class 9 and 10 by Bhavya Solanki

  CLASS 10 – BEAUTY AND WELLNESS  SUMMER VACATION HOLIDAY HOMEWORK (2026) Instructions / निर्देश: Complete all activities in a separate notebook or project file. Add pictures where possible. सभी गतिविधियाँ एक अलग कॉपी या प्रोजेक्ट फाइल में करें। जहाँ संभव हो, चित्र भी जोड़ें। 1. Daily Skin and Hair Care Routine / दैनिक त्वचा और बालों की देखभाल दिनचर्या Write your own care routine and mention the purpose of each step. अपनी त्वचा और बालों की देखभाल दिनचर्या लिखें और हर चरण का उद्देश्य बताएं। 2. Research on One Treatment / एक उपचार पर शोध Choose one professional beauty treatment and describe procedure, products, benefits, and precautions. किसी एक पेशेवर सौंदर्य उपचार (जैसे facial, manicure) को चुनें और प्रक्रिया, उत्पाद, लाभ तथा सावधानियाँ लिखें। 3. Client Consultation Form / ग्राहक परामर्श प्रपत्र Design a simple sample form used in salons for new clients. सैलून में उपयोग होने वाला एक सरल ग्राहक परामर्श फॉर्म तैयार करें। 4. Identify Beauty Tools / सौंदर्य उपकरणों की पहचान करें L...

COMPUTER SECURITY AND PRIVACY  ✨ Introduction Computer security and privacy are very important in today’s digital world. Computers store personal, professional, and financial information. If data is not protected properly, it can be misused. Computer security helps protect systems from damage, while privacy protects personal information from unauthorized access. 🔹 Computer Security Computer security deals with protecting computers, networks, and data from damage, theft, and unauthorized access. It ensures that information remains safe and secure. 🔹 Reasons for Security Breach Security breach happens when computer safety is broken. Main reasons: Weak passwords Lack of antivirus software Opening unknown emails or links Downloading unsafe software Using public or unsecured networks 🔹 Threats to Computer Computer threats are dangers that can harm the system or data. 🔸 Theft Stealing computer devices or data without permission. 🔸 Physical Threats Damage due to fire, water, dust, or...

            SELF MOTIVATION  Introduction Self motivation is one of the most important qualities for success in life. In the Beauty and Wellness sector, professionals need continuous motivation to improve skills, handle clients, manage time, and grow their career. Self motivation helps a person remain positive, focused, and committed even during difficult situations. 1. Self Motivation Self motivation is the ability to motivate oneself without depending on others. It is an inner strength that encourages a person to work hard, stay disciplined, and achieve goals. Definition : Self motivation is the internal drive that pushes a person to take action and achieve goals without external pressure. Self motivated individuals take responsibility for their actions and continuously work on self-improvement. 2. Types of Motivation Motivation can be broadly divided into two types. (a) External Motivation External motivation comes from outside factors such as rewar...

                             Skin Care Basic Types of Skin 1. Normal Skin -  Balanced moisture and sebum (oil). -  Smooth texture, fine pores, and radiant glow. -  Rarely shows blemishes or acne. -  Requires regular cleansing and moisturizing to maintain. 2. Dry Skin -  Lacks oil and moisture, often feels tight and flaky. -  Pores are very small and almost invisible. -  Prone to fine lines, wrinkles, and irritation. -  Needs hydrating creams and gentle cleansing. 3. Oily Skin -  Excess production of sebum, appears shiny and greasy. -  Larger pores are common, leading to blackheads and acne. -  Requires oil-control cleansers, toners, and non-comedogenic products. 4. Combination Skin -  Features of both oily and dry skin. -  Usually oily in the T-zone (forehead, nose, chin) and dry on the cheeks. -  Requires balanced care with mild cleansers and ...

 ACTION OF THE FACIAL NECK AND SHOULDER MUSCLES  TYPES OF MUSCLES  1. Cardiac Muscles - Cardiac muscles are found only in the heart. - They are involuntary and striated in nature, meaning they function without conscious control but show striping patterns. - Their main function is to contract rhythmically and continuously, enabling the heart to pump blood throughout the body. - They contain one or more centrally placed nuclei and are highly resistant to fatigue. 2. Skeletal Muscles - Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and help in voluntary body movements. - They are voluntary and striated, meaning they work under conscious control. - These muscles are long, cylindrical, multinucleated, and arranged in bundles. - Functions include walking, running, speaking, facial expressions, posture, and all body actions. Example: Muscles of face, neck, and shoulders. 3. Smooth Muscles - Smooth muscles are found in the walls of internal organs such as stomach, intestines, - urinary b...

 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF SKIN  1. Introduction to Skin Care Services Skin care services are the foundation of beauty and wellness practices. The skin is the largest organ of the human body, covering the entire external surface. It protects internal organs, regulates body temperature, and helps maintain overall health. In beauty and wellness, skin care services focus on cleansing, nourishing, protecting, and treating the skin to enhance appearance and prevent problems like acne, tanning, dryness, and premature ageing. 2. Internal Structure of the Skin The skin has three major layers: 1. Epidermis – The outermost layer that provides a protective barrier. 2. Dermis – The middle layer containing connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels. 3. Hypodermis (Subcutaneous tissue) - The deepest layer, made up of fat and connective tissue, providing cushioning and insulation. 3. Layers of the Epidermis The epidermis itself has five sub-layers (from outer to inner): 1. Stratum corneum ...

                            BLEACHING  MEANING OF BLEACHING  -  Bleaching is a cosmetic procedure that lightens the color of facial or body hair, making it less noticeable. -  Instead of removing the hair, bleaching changes its shade so that it blends with the skin tone. -  Commonly used on the face, arms, and back. Patch Test before Bleaching -  A patch test is done to check whether the client is allergic to bleaching chemicals. -  A small amount of bleach mixture is applied on the inner arm or behind the ear. -  Leave it for 15–20 minutes. -  If no redness, itching, or burning occurs within 24 hours, the bleach is considered safe to use. Procedure of Bleaching 1. Cleanse the skin with mild face cleanser. 2. Prepare the bleach mixture as per instructions (bleach cream + activator). 3. Apply the mixture evenly on the area using a spatula. 4. Keep away from eyes, lips, and s...

                       THREADING  Meaning of Threading Threading is a natural method of removing unwanted hair using a cotton thread. The twisted thread traps and pulls out hair from the follicle. It is widely used for shaping eyebrows, removing upper lip hair, and small areas of the face. Benefits of Threading Gives precise shape to eyebrows. Suitable for sensitive skin (no chemicals). Cost-effective and quick. Slower regrowth compared to shaving. Can remove even very fine hair. Side Effects of Threading Temporary redness or swelling. Mild pain during procedure. Risk of skin irritation if technique is improper. Not recommended for acne-prone or extremely sensitive skin. Materials Required for Threading Sterile cotton thread. Antiseptic lotion or toner. Cotton swabs and tissues. Scissors for cutting thread. Talcum powder (to reduce sweating and help grip hair). Preparing the Client for Threading...

                             WAXING  Introduction Waxing is one of the most popular epilation methods of hair removal, where hair is pulled out from the root using warm or cold wax. It provides longer-lasting results compared to shaving or depilation creams. Proper preparation of the client, correct procedure, and aftercare are essential for effective results and safety. Types of Waxing 1:  Soft Wax (Strip Wax) Thin layer of warm wax applied in the direction of hair growth. A strip (cloth/paper) is pressed and quickly pulled in the opposite direction. Suitable for large areas like arms, legs, and back. 2:  Hard Wax (Hot Wax / Stripless Wax) Thick layer applied, allowed to cool, and removed directly without strips. Best for sensitive areas like face, underarms, and bikini line. 3:  Cold Wax (Pre-coated Strips) Ready-to-use strips pre-coated with wax. Convenient for home use, less effective on c...

  BASIC DEPILATION SERVICES  Introduction Basic depilation services cover the methods and science of removing unwanted hair from different parts of the body. A good understanding of hair types, hair structure, and the hair growth cycle helps a beautician choose the right removal method and give safer, longer-lasting results. Methods of Removing Unwanted Hair Hair removal methods are broadly classified into two groups: 1. Depilation (surface removal) - Shaving:  Cuts hair at skin level using a razor or electric shaver. Fast and inexpensive but regrowth is quick. - Trimming:  Shortens hair with scissors or trimmers; used when full removal is not desired. - Depilatory creams:  Chemical products that dissolve the hair shaft above skin level; perform a patch test before use. 2. Epilation (root removal / longer-lasting) - Waxing:  Warm or hard wax removes hair from the root; results last 3–6 weeks. - Threading:  A cotton thread pulls hair out from the follic...

Self Awareness : Strength and Weakness Analysis 1. What is Self Awareness? Self awareness means understanding your own qualities, behaviour, emotions, strengths and weaknesses. It helps a person make better life and career decisions. 2. Strength Strengths are the positive qualities or abilities that a person has. These qualities help a person perform tasks well and achieve goals. Examples of Strengths Good communication skills Confidence Creativity Hard working nature Positive attitude Leadership quality Time management 3. Weakness Weaknesses are the negative qualities or limitations that reduce performance or create difficulties. Examples of Weaknesses Poor time management Lack of confidence Fear of failure Anger issues Poor communication skills Procrastination  4. Identification of Strengths Identification of strengths means recognizing what you are good at. Ways to Identify Strengths Self observation Feedback from teachers and parents Past achievements Interest-based activities ...

         सामाजिक न्याय (SOCIAL JUSTICE) 1. सामाजिक न्याय का अर्थ सामाजिक न्याय का अर्थ है समाज के सभी वर्गों को समान अधिकार, अवसर और सम्मान प्रदान करना, विशेष रूप से उन वर्गों को जो ऐतिहासिक रूप से वंचित और हाशिये पर रहे हैं। इसका मुख्य उद्देश्य सामाजिक, आर्थिक और राजनीतिक असमानताओं को कम करना और एक न्यायपूर्ण समाज की स्थापना करना है। सामाजिक न्याय केवल कानूनी समानता तक सीमित नहीं है, बल्कि इसमें समान अवसर और समान गरिमा भी शामिल है। 2. सामाजिक असमानता सामाजिक असमानता तब उत्पन्न होती है जब समाज के विभिन्न समूहों के बीच संसाधनों, अवसरों और अधिकारों का असमान वितरण होता है। सामाजिक असमानता के प्रमुख आधार: जाति वर्ग लिंग धर्म क्षेत्र 3. जाति और सामाजिक न्याय भारतीय समाज में जाति व्यवस्था सामाजिक असमानता का एक प्रमुख कारण रही है। उच्च जातियों को विशेषाधिकार प्राप्त हुए, जबकि निम्न जातियों को भेदभाव और शोषण का सामना करना पड़ा। सामाजिक न्याय का उद्देश्य जाति आधारित भेदभाव को समाप्त करना और सभी नागरिकों को समान अवसर प्रदान करना है। 4. वर्ग आधारित असमानता आर्थिक असमानता स...

                  Social Justice 1. Meaning of Social Justice Social justice means providing equal rights, opportunities, and dignity to all sections of society, especially to those who have been historically disadvantaged or marginalized. It aims to reduce inequalities and establish a fair and just social order. Social justice is not limited to legal equality; it also includes social, economic, and political equality. 2. Social Inequality Social inequality arises when there is unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and rights among different groups in society. Major Bases of Social Inequality: Caste Class Gender Religion Region 3. Caste and Social Justice The caste system in India has been a major source of social inequality. Upper castes enjoyed privileges, while lower castes faced discrimination and exploitation. The goal of social justice is to eliminate caste-based discrimination and ensure equal opportunities for all. 4. Clas...

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS  (BASED ON REPEATED TRENDS OF LAST 10 YEARS) 1.   What is meant by Cold War? Answer:-   Cold War was a situation of political and military tension between two power blocs without direct war. 2.   What is Bipolarity? Answer:-   Bipolarity refers to a system where two superpowers dominate world politics. 3.   Name any one permanent member of the UN Security Council. Answer:-   United States of America. 4.   What is Globalisation? Answer:-   Globalisation is the process of increasing economic, political and cultural interconnectedness among countries. 5.   What does NAM stand for? Answer:-   NAM stands for Non-Aligned Movement. 6.   What is meant by Human Rights? Answer:-   Human Rights are basic and universal rights available to all human beings. 7.   What is Coalition Government? Answer:-   A coalition governmen...

  🔴 MOST REPEATED QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS LAST 10 YEARS   1. प्रश्न:-   शीत युद्ध क्या था? उत्तर:-   शीत युद्ध अमेरिका और सोवियत संघ के बीच हुआ वैचारिक और राजनीतिक संघर्ष था जिसमें प्रत्यक्ष युद्ध नहीं हुआ। 2. प्रश्न:-   द्विध्रुवीय विश्व से क्या तात्पर्य है? उत्तर:-   जब विश्व की शक्ति दो महाशक्तियों में बँटी हो, उसे द्विध्रुवीय विश्व कहते हैं। 3. प्रश्न: वैश्वीकरण का अर्थ क्या है? उत्तर: देशों के बीच आर्थिक, राजनीतिक और सांस्कृतिक संबंधों के बढ़ने की प्रक्रिया को वैश्वीकरण कहते हैं। 4. प्रश्न:-   ASEAN की स्थापना कब हुई? उत्तर:-   ASEAN की स्थापना 1967 में हुई। 5. प्रश्न: भारत का पहला आम चुनाव कब हुआ? उत्तर: भारत का पहला आम चुनाव 1951–52 में हुआ। 6. प्रश्न:-   चुनाव आयोग का मुख्य कार्य क्या है? उत्तर:-   स्वतंत्र और निष्पक्ष चुनाव कराना। 7. प्रश्न:-   शीत युद्ध की दो विशेषताएँ लिखिए। उत्तर:-  1. प्रत्यक्ष युद्ध नहीं हुआ 2. हथियारों की होड़ चली 8. प्रश्न:-   वैश्वीकरण...

 IMPORTANT QUESTION – ANSWERS  Q1.  What are employability skills? Ans.-  Employability skills are the skills that help a person get a job, stay in a job and grow in a career. These skills include communication, self-management, problem solving and teamwork. Q2.   Why are employability skills important for students? Ans.-  Employability skills help students become confident, responsible, disciplined and job-ready. They also help in career planning and personal growth. Q3.   What is self-awareness? Ans.-  Self-awareness is the ability to understand one’s own strengths, weaknesses, emotions, interests and capabilities. Q4.   What are strengths? Give examples. Ans.-  Strengths are positive qualities of a person. Examples include confidence, creativity, honesty, leadership and good communication skills. Q5.   What are weaknesses? Give examples. Ans.-  Weaknesses are limitations that affect performance. Examples ...